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Think before you Drink

Although a lot of interesting information has been discussed about the psychoactive properties of ethyl alcohol, following the path that the drug takes through the body of a 150-pound, 20-year-old male who has ingested three ounces of 80-proof ethyl alcohol is also an interesting way of analyzing the physiological, neurological, and psychoactive journey of the drug in the human body considering size, age, and gender as three major factors.
Considering size, this young man's height is unknown, but 150 pounds, for example, could be considered small for a six foot tall man, but not so much if he were short (5 feet-5 inches or less). However, this type of information is important because when calculating this man's body mass and trying to determine the bioavailabiilty of, maybe, 3 ounces of an 80-proof drink of vodka (about 1.2 ounces of ethyl alcohol) that he might have consumed, experts would seek to examine the degree to which the alcohol became available to the targeted tissues after it entered his body. Generally speaking, the man's size is important because it is logical that the amount of fat, muscle, and tissue that all people have in their bodies helps to determine how fast the drug ethanol (drinking alcohol) travels throughout their entire systems as well as the fact that drugs can be broken down by becoming stored in some of the fat and proteins in peoples' bodies. Just as importantly, thin people can become intoxicated more quickly than others because the larger individuals are, the more blood they have, and this blood-to-drug dilution affects how quickly alcohol can travel through the greater or lesser number of relative blood vessels on its way to peoples' central nervous systems, which is where the mental/psychological, and behavioral changes and reactions occur.
 The faster this drug enters the central nervous system, the more impact it will have on the before-mentioned changes. So, in essence, in the case of this young man, and the way that his body responds to alcohol, size does matter. If alcohol were to enter this man's 20-year-old body through his mouth (orally), it would go through the esophagus, enter his stomach, and land in his intestines; the capillaries in his intestines would absorb the drug and carry it through his liver, which would metabolize (break down) about 10 to 20 percent of the alcohol in about 20 to 30 minutes, then send all that would remain of it to this man's brain and throughout the rest of his entire body. Additionally, the fact that this young male is 20 years old might render him some small advantage because the enzymes in his liver that metabolize the alcohol are more abundant than they would be in an older man whose enzymes would have begun to decrease as they do with age, which would probably prevent the younger drinker from becoming as intoxicated in the same amount of time that an older man would become after drinking the same amount of alcohol.
            Once the drug crosses the epithelial cell wall's blood brain barrier, it will have, temporarily, left the peripheral nervous system and found its way to the young man's central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord system) where the fatty brain material could easily absorb the alcohol due to ethanol's fat soluble property (cont. in next column).

Think before you Drink (cont.)


However, because alcohol is both fat and water soluble, it will move easily across this man's brain and throughout his body in blood cells, outside of the cells on plasma, and on protein molecules. Unfortunately, this 20-year-old might be a little disturbed to find that drinking alcohol, especially in collaboration with smoking tobacco, decreases the production of testosterone and can cause, temporary (and over time), permanent erectile dysfunction. The prospect of having this condition will probably not fair well with most 20-year-young gentlemen, especially if they want to, as they often do, appear popular and health-conscious to their peers (cont. in last column) .

Are there Evolutionary Tendencies that Drive Men (and Women) who, like Tiger Woods, Seek Out Many Mates Simultaneously -

Among the many theories that have been presented to explain human attraction and relationships, most interrelationship experts agree that human beings are char-acterized by a pervasive aversion for lone-liness and an intense need for:

a) intimate (close emotional, gratifying, in-terpersonal),

 b) communal (equally recep-tive),

 c) passionate (romantic), and/or

 d) companionate (trusting, secure, stable) relationships with at least one adult other than themselves

However, there is great controversy regarding whether these characteristics are due to strategic choices caused by early attachment and social elements or some gender-specific (inbred) unconscious elements found in the evolutionary model that combines natural mate selection and social parental investment. In essence, evolutionary theorists purport that within the human species, peoples' thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors are naturally driven by the costs that are placed on their abilities to genetically reproduce.

For example, Freudian and Jung-ian theorists claim that human beings select mates who are the archetypes of their opposite-sex parents. These experts rely on theories that are based on the complementarity concept, which suggests that people seek mates with all sorts of characteristics they lack, such as is demonstrated in relationships between men who have been classified as the typically dishonest types who marry women who seek companionate (secure, trusting, stable) relationships that are exemplified by high levels of reciprocity (mutual exchange) (cont. in next column).

Evolutionary Tendencies (cont.) 

On the other hand, evolutionary psycho-logists claim that male animals mate selection behaviors are guided by the fact that the genetic investment involved in procreation for men is minimal (a few mo-ments of copulation and sperm ejaculation) (Kassin et al., 2008). Evolutionary psycho-logists also claim that this minimal male investment causes men to be naturally wired to seek to impregnate as many young, fertile, beautiful, healthy women as possible. 

However, some experts point out that this theory does not hold up in a contemporary world where many women's mate selection behaviors and social mores do not present them as being any more sexually cautious than men are; they have sexual relationships with a variety of men in such short time periods that many of them do not know who the fathers of their children are (such as is seen on a the very popular talk show Maury) (Archer, 1996) (cont. in next column).
The hydrologic cycle keeps water constantly circulating on the Earth.

 The Hydrologic Cycle -

Mrs. Pattie Cole, Math, Science, and Social Studies teacher at Morgan County Elementary School, uses sensory perception, creativity, and innovation to teach her students about the cycle of rain. Precipitation in the form of rain or snow occurs when particles of water or ice are large enough to reach the ground. The chief difference between a cloud drop and a rain drop is size. A typical rain drop has a volume that is more than a million times that of a cloud drop. Thus it takes many cloud droplets to make up a single raindrop. Raindrops can be produced by the collision and merging of cloud drop-lets. Collisions take place because the terminal velocity of a water drop increases as its size increases, over the normal size range of cloud droplets and raindrops. Large droplets fall faster, and then collide and merge with smaller ones. When two rain droplets merge, "coalescence" has taken place. As a result of coalescence, the large drops can grow fairly rapidly.
           Raindrops are also produced by the melting of ice crystals, snowflakes, and other frozen particles. When ice crystals exist in the presence of "supercooled" water droplets in subfreezing air, the crystals grow as the droplets evaporate. There is a pressure force driving the water molecules from the water to the ice, resulting in a rapid growth of ice crystals in the presence of liquid cloud droplets.  As ice crystals grow, the heavier ones fall. As a result, collisions and merging occur. A snowflake can be made up of a group of crystals stuck together. When such a particle falls through a layer of air that has a temperature above freezing, the crystals melt and raindrops are produced. In mountainous areas during the winter, valley locations often experience rain while snow falls at higher elevations.


Think before you Drink (cont.) 
 

Once the alcohol has passed through the liver and has entered the central nervous system, many of the neuropsychological processes happen that affect the ways that people reason, use their cognition, how well they handle addictive pressures and predispositions, and how effectively the neurotransmitters will send their electrical signals to their targeted locations. After this gentleman's brain and the rest of his body have reacted in chemical, neurological, physical, and psychoactive manners to the alcohol, the drug will leave his body in the form of water in sweat through the skin, (urine) through the kidneys, solid excrement as it flows, and carbon dioxide through breathing. As one would expect, the journey will have run its course, and the young male will have experienced his cognitive, sensory, and motor skills under the influence of one of the world's most consumed products.


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Evolutionary Tendencies (cont).


     Considering that premise, in 2008, well-renowned psychologist S. M. Kassin wrote that the human need for mate selection and affiliation can also be generic and generalized for men and women. Kassin suggested that men and women can begin to lust for one another due to intrinsic sexual stimuli, which is directly related to the mere exposure effect, the more time men and women spend around each other, the more sexually attracted they can often become to one another. 

     These theorists also highlighted the impact of the transfer of excitation theory, which is demonstrated, for example, by circumstances that involve men or wo-men who have been dancing, watching sexually explicit movies, or exercising, and then, almost involuntarily, direct their sexual desires to someone who they believe is simply available, often out of the sight of emotional, healthy inter-related, or other consequential consider-ations.

     On the other hand, many theorists question the evolutionary theory regarding infidelity, and like Bowlby (as cited by Hazen, 2000), these experts believe that the basis for mate selection is closely related to learned  attachment issues in conjunction with their natural tempera-ments and personalities.

     One popular hypothesis is that the antecedents that determine how human beings ultimately meet these vital needs lie somewhere within the bonding and nur-turing conditions that were set in to place by their parents and caregivers, spe-cifically, how infants were responded to  during the early developmental years when they were forming emotional, self-regulating, and attachment behavioral pat-terns.

     Ultimately, experts in social psycho-logy believe people resort to infidelity due to a number of reasons and that, con-sequently, the answers to developing treatments that will help these people change their behaviors will also be discovered using a variety of experimental styles  and study types that involve lon-gitudinal, cross-sectional, and correlational research of both inherent and acquired mate-selection behaviors.